There are many factors that play a role in the dynamics of collisions. These include vehicle design and type, speeds, angles of approach, kinetic & potential energy, momentum, acceleration factor, friction… the list is quite long. There are a few constants in which we are curious. These constants are the building blocks of the planet and they make the world of collisions quantifiable and predictable.
Within this two-part series we will explore the factors which have the most influence in low speed collisions and how these factors are associated with injury. Note: nothing about these writings is inclusive, there is too much material to explore in depth. The objective of these writings is to present the concepts.
Table of Contents
In this writing the subject of exploration is conservation of momentum and how it relates to low speed collisions and bodily injury of the occupant. Conservation of momentum is built on Sir Isaac Newton’s third law. Newton’s third law says “For every action there’s an equal and opposite reaction”.
In the interest of exploring conservation of momentum in a simple format, we aren’t likely to investigate and explain the history and physics of momentum; for this conversation, we’ll concentrate on the relationship to crash dynamics. It is momentum to speed collisions’ relationship that helps enlighten and is the causal factor of the injuries people who have held tight to the argument that is deceptive that no damage = no injuries.
While there is a formula and derivation, neither is needed just yet. For now, we’ll simply use the concept as follows: The momentum going into a collision can be accounted for in the outcome or the energy going in to the accident, must be accounted for at the end of the incident and that and what was exposed to and/or absorbed that energy.
Let’s apply some perspective to this notion with the following example.
Let us say we are standing at around a pool table and we are going to try the winning shot of the eight ball into a corner pocket. Following the cue ball is struck, we have and another. After the cue ball strikes the ball, then it stops moving and the eight ball begins moving. In this scenario the cue ball before the collision’s momentum is the same as the momentum of the eight ball after the collision[1]. The eight ball rolls to the corner pocket.
The transfer is extremely efficient due in part to the fact that neither pool balls can deform. Some of the energy would be used to perform this and less if either pool ball could deform. The National Highway Transportation Highway Safety Administration (NHTSA) mandates minimum performance standards for passenger vehicle bumpers. Vehicle bumpers are tested with 2.5 mph (3.7 fps)[2] impact equipment that has the same mass as the test vehicle. The test vehicle is struck with its brakes disengaged and the transmission in neutral. There’s no offset between the automobile and the barrier.
The NHTSA outlines acceptable damage to your vehicle’s various systems after the tests. Successful completion of these tests mandate operation of systems that are particular. The factory adjustment of the vehicle’s braking, steering, and suspension must be unaltered. In other terms, in order for a vehicle to pass these tests it canhave no change in its structure. If changes did occur the system that is braking, steering, and suspension would be out of factory adjustment.
The NHTSA isn’t alone in low rate bumper testing. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) also conducts low rate bumper tests. The IIHS’s test rates are conducted at 6 mph (8.8 fps)[3] and the goal is to determine which vehicles have the least damage and therefore cost the least to repair. The vehicle ratings are proportional to the estimated cost of repair. The more costly the repair, the lower the rating.
While the vehicles used in the IIHS testing all show signs of contact with the barrier, none of the vehicles suffer harm which deforms the structure of the vehicle. Don’t have any change in its structure affecting the system, steering, and suspension, just as with the NHTSA the vehicles tested by the IIHS.
The lack of change in the structure (deformation) drives a test vehicle to accept the momentum transfer in the testing equipment. Further, the test vehicle is free to move after being destroyed. This testing scenario is like that of the cue ball and eight ball.
If a vehicle doesn’t deform during a low speed collision, then it will experience a change in speed (or velocity) very quickly; Consequently, the occupant(s) also experience this exact same change in speed. The key factor in these examples is that the mass of testing equipment and their vehicles involved, but what happens when the masses change?
When the mass of one vehicle changes the momentum also changes, the more mass the more momentum the vehicle can bring to the event and the greater the injury potential to the occupant. There are many complicating factors that now must be considered regarding injuries beyond the Laws of Momentum when determining trauma like the height, weight, muscle mass, occupant position, kind of seat belt used, etc.. However, the first step is to decide if there was enough energy as an initiating factor in low speed crashes to cause those injuries and to overcome no crash = no injury misconceptions and have a health expert in low speed injuries confirm relationship.
In the next installment, part II, we’ll discuss this in detail and it will necessary for the later subject of occupant injuries.
The scope of our information is limited to chiropractic and spinal injuries and conditions. To discuss options on the subject matter, please feel free to ask Dr. Jimenez or contact us at 915-850-0900 .Â
REFERENCES:
Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. (2010, September). Bumper Test Protocol. Retrieved from Insurance Institute for Highway Safety: www.iihs.org
National Highway Transportation Safety Administration. (2011, October 1). 49 CFR 581 – BUMPER STANDARD. Retrieved from U.S. Government Publishing Office: www.gpo.gov
Whiplash is a commonly reported injury after an individual has been involved in an automobile accident. During an auto accident, the sheer force of the impact often causes the head and neck of the victim to jerk abruptly, back-and-forth, causing damage to the complex structures surrounding the cervical spine. Chiropractic care is a safe and effective, alternative treatment option utilized to help decrease the symptoms of whiplash.
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The information herein on "Where Does the Energy Go in Low Speed Auto Accidents?" is not intended to replace a one-on-one relationship with a qualified health care professional or licensed physician and is not medical advice. We encourage you to make healthcare decisions based on your research and partnership with a qualified healthcare professional.
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Our information scope is limited to Chiropractic, musculoskeletal, physical medicines, wellness, contributing etiological viscerosomatic disturbances within clinical presentations, associated somatovisceral reflex clinical dynamics, subluxation complexes, sensitive health issues, and/or functional medicine articles, topics, and discussions.
We provide and present clinical collaboration with specialists from various disciplines. Each specialist is governed by their professional scope of practice and their jurisdiction of licensure. We use functional health & wellness protocols to treat and support care for the injuries or disorders of the musculoskeletal system.
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Dr. Alex Jimenez DC, MSACP, RN*, CCST, IFMCP*, CIFM*, ATN*
email: coach@elpasofunctionalmedicine.com
Licensed as a Doctor of Chiropractic (DC) in Texas & New Mexico*
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Dr. Alex Jimenez DC, MSACP, RN* CIFM*, IFMCP*, ATN*, CCST
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