Neurophysiology: There are two ways that nociceptive information reaches the central nervous system. One is the neospinothalamic tract for quick pain and two is the paleospinothalamic tract for slow pain that increases.
Table of Contents
… involve Spinothalamic and Trigeminal Pathways
… in connection with an intense burning sensation following hand contact with the thermal grill.
Internally produced molecules with opioid-like action which regulate transmission of nociceptive signals.
Three classes of these molecules have been identified. All are peptide molecules
Despite these being powerful, endogenous modifiers of nociceptive signals, it has been difficult to produce and administer them in a way than can used in clinical practice.
(Center for Brain Research, Uni Vienna)
Connections in the spinal cord where opiates act.
Neurotransmitters – serotonin (5- HT) and norephinephrine (noradrenaline) – in the spinal cord can block transmission of pain signals to the brain.
Rubbing the area that hurts stimulates receptors of innocuous stimuli like touch, pressure and vibration.
These mechano-receptors send signals along the Aβ nerve fibers that:
(1) stimulate spinal nerves (inhibitory inter-neurons) that in turn inhibit signaling in the 2nd order neurons (projection neuron) and (2) directly inhibit the 2nd order neuron to reduce or stop pain signal from being sent to the brain
Transcutaneous Nerve Stimulation (TENS) is based on the Gate Control Theory. Nerves of the innocuous sensory system are stimulated and they in turn, inhibit transmission of nociceptive stimuli in the spinal cord.
– Allodynia – occurs when a person experiences pain with things that are normally not painful, ie, soft touch causes pain.
– Hyperalgesia – occurs when a stimulus that is typically painful is perceived as more painful that it should be, ie, a simple bump.
Both are due to hyperreactivity of the nervous system.
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